Introduction Artificial intelligence is often described through computational performance: what a model can classify, predict, generate, or recommend. When AI is connected to sensors and actuators, however, its outputs can change the physical world. The relevant questions then expand from informational accuracy to motion, stability, energy, timing, environmental interaction, safety, and recovery. This article uses…

Introduction Intelligent systems are frequently evaluated by what they can recognize, predict, or generate. For systems that interact with the physical world, however, computational performance is only one layer of the problem. A robot, autonomous instrument, or AI-enabled laboratory platform must also operate under motion, contact, energy, timing, sensing, and safety constraints. Mathematical physics contributes…

Abstract As the lyrics said, “now, the end is near”. The last sunrise of 2025 has risen, and as the final sunset approaches, we reflect on a year of extraordinary scientific innovation and human experience. This article narrates the story of 2025 in a Nature-style review, mixing scientific breakthroughs with personal and philosophical insights in…